machoman :D

muscles. macho right?

muscle is a general term for all contractile tissue. it is from the Latin word 'mus' meaning mouse. well, there are three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth and cardiac.

skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that are attached to the bones and allows external movement for the body. they look striated or striped appearance of fibers. and there's a process that muscle uses broad sheets of connective tissue called aponeurosis. in movement, there's contraction [or shortening of muscle fibers] and relaxation. agonists or primary movers are muscles that cause movements. and in this muscle there's points of origin and insertion. point of origin is the end of the muscle that is attached to the stationary bone; while point of insertion is the muscle end that is attached to the moving bone. next on the line is the synergistic muscles which assists agonists. and antagonists are synergistic muscles that cause movement in the opposite direction.

muscles also have functional units. these are myofibrils that can be seen in each muscle fiber. sarcomeres are functional contractile units each fiber must possess. myofilaments are threadlike structures each sacromere unit has.

smooth muscles are found in organs except the heart. they have the ability expand or contract. an example of this muscle is the sphincters which are found in digestive system.

cardiac muscles form the walls of the heart. they are connected to each other by intercalated disks. and these do NOT regenerate after severe damage.

so... that's it. :)

bone side. ♥

in the first week. ehem. my week. why? i reported. first on the list. PROUDLY PRESENTS:
the SKELETAL system. :D

i just said, 'okay okay. i'll report.' and that's it// reporting stage.

** start of the topic **

well skeletal system. what about them? skeletal system is a wonderful system that has different functions such as framework for the body, produces blood cells, provides protection for organs, helps us to breathe, gives mineral storage, and allows movement with the muscular system. arggh. my head aches. well. some asks, how does it help in breathing? it helps through the movement of the ribs. ribs can move according to how lungs move, the balloon-like thing. if ribs couldn't move, lungs may burst out so, thanks ribs. :)

of course, skeletal system is made up of bones. they can be compared as cells to tissues. :) okay okay. bones can construct and repair itself even if it looks like creepy dead. they are composed of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus that makes them strong. :D but look, skeleton is from a greek word meaning dried-up body. how ironic. haha!

there are different classifications of bones according to shapes. long bones, short bones, irregular bones, and flat bones -- self-explanatory. Ü

there is also bone anatomy - the basic version. every bone is covered with periosteum, a tough and fibrous tissue. bone ends are called epiphysis; while the region between the two ends is diaphysis. inside the bone, medullary cavity is a cavity where bone marrow are stored. speaking of bone marrow, there are two types of bone marrow: yellow and red. yellow bone marrow has high fat content and can be converted to red bone marrow in case of emergencies occur. on the other hand, red bone marrow are the ones that produces red blood cells. i think they refer the types to what they produce. :)

meanwhile, there are two types of bones tissues, the compact and spongy. compact bone tissue is a dense, hard tissue that normally composes the shafts of long bones and outer layer of some bones. in this bone tissue, osteon or haversian systems are the materials that form microscopic cylindrical-shaped units. in addition, spongy or cancellous bone tissues are arrange in bars and plates called trabeculae. it has irregular holes that makes it look spongy.

bones also grow. :) ossification is the term for the formation of the bones in the body. in this, there are four kinds of bone cells that are involved -- osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteocytes. osteocytes are nonspecialized cells that can turn to other type of bone cell if needed. second is the osteoblasts or the cells that form bones. next is the osteocytes or the mature osteoblasts. and the last is osteoclasts or the tearer of bone material to distribute calcium && phosphorus in the body.

there is also cartilage. it works as a mat to avoid bones meet and be inflamed. on the other side, joints are made when two bones are joined together by ligament. ligament is different with tendons because tendons are attached from muscle to bone.

// and that's what i've learned. :D

second quarter. :D

a new quarter starts after the exam that i have to scream out! second quarter is set for a new ride of learning and stuffs. :)

reports. quizzes. exams. recitations. activities. assessments. discussions. boardwritings. name it.

it seems to have exciting quarter because of the topics.
presenting: DIFFERENT SYSTEMS!

whatever. i just wanna learn. [even if there are many memorization blah here. :D]
and i'm interested. so let's get it on. :)

meiosis: a one-way process.

meiosis is divided into two processes: meiosis 1 and meiosis 2. in meiosis 1, the processes interphase 1, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1 and telophase 1 happens. while in meiosis 2, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, and telophase 2 takes place.

in meiosis 1, the first process to occur is the interphase 1. in interphase 1, the process starts with growth 1 where it is the very active stage in meiosis, synthesis of proteins take place, and cells are identical to somatic or body cells. then, the following stage is the synthesis in which the genetic material is duplicated, and the cell is diploid. and to complete the last interphase 1 is the growth 2 which is absent in mitosis. then, prophase 1 is next. prophase 1 is subdivided into five substages: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. leptotene is the substage where two sister chromatids are thin and long strands, and also known as the bouquet stage. after leptotene, zygotene is the next and the chromosomes are paired and zipped together forming synaptotemal complex. next is the pachytene where thick threads and nonsister chromatids exchange segments and results in a recombination of information and synapsis is completed. after pachytene, diplotene occurs and the synaptotemal complex degrades, homologous pair separate, chromosome uncoils and chiasmata remains. to complete the prophase 1, diakinesis is accomplished where the nuclear membrane disintegrates, nucleoli disappear, chiasmata ends, and meiotic spindle forms. after prophase 1, metaphase 1 or the movement of chromosomes to the metaphase phase and the attachment of spindle fibers occur. then, anaphase 1 or continued attachment of the chromosomes to centromere and separation of chromosomes happens. and to complete the meiosis 1, telophase 1 must be finished where chromosomes are at the end poles and chromosomes have two sister chromatids.

in meiosis 2, same stages will be taken, but the difference is that the two sister cells are acting. meiosis 2 begins when the prophase 2 or the disappearing of nuclear membrane, and movement of spindle fibers oppositely. after the prophase 2 times, the metaphase 2 where chromosomes align at the center of the cell. afterwards, anaphase 2 comes next in which chromosomes split and the spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart. after anaphase 2, telophase 2 will not be the last as the chromosomes go to the far end of the cell, the spindle disappears and the nuclei and cytoplasmic division reappears.

in this one-way process, you can think of it as clay that can be pulled from each other because you can see how they separate from each other, and you can do it twice. well. even if clay could be separated more than twice, but cells that undergo this process does it only twice. it’s God’s law. haha! :D

tissue: how connective.

tissues are made up of cells. they have four different types: epitheal, connective, muscle, and nervous. they are given different work to do and at the same time, they were as complicated as the cells themselves.

epitheal tissue covers many of the parts of the body and packed tightly together. it serves as protection from any foreign body that might go in our body. it can be identified in four shapes: squamous or flat/scale-like, cuboidal or cube-shaped, columnar or column-like shaped, and transitional or stretchy and variably shaped. also, it can be identified through two arrangements: stratified or several-layer arrangement, or simple or single-layer and same cell type arrangement.

next is the connective tissue. connective tissues are the most common of the tissues and is found throughout the body more than any form. it hold things together and provide structure and support. there are three types of connective tissues: areolar, adipose and dense connective tissues. areolar tissues are fine, delicate web of loosely connective tissue. then, adipose tissues are used for proper funtioning and an example is fat. lastly, dense connective tissue forms a protective barriers for protection. an example is skin.

after the two, we have muscle tissues. muscle tissues are responsible for movement by and in the body. there are three types of muscle tissues. first is the skeletal tissue which is attached to the bones. then, the second is the cardiac muscle. cardiac muscles are found in the walls of the heart. and last is the smooth muscle which forms the walls of hollow organs.

last type is the nervous tissue which acts as messenger of the body. it has two types: neurons, and glia. neurons are conductors of information and glia is the support by holding the neurons in place.

carbohydrates

as we hear the word carbohydrates, we oftentimes remember an energizing food like rice. it is basic. but in advance biology, it is different. carbohydrates are compounds that are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms linked together to form monosaccharides or “sweet carbon.” think of an energizing food, and then observe them under different tests, you’ll see a pattern of different elements bonded together. They supply heat energy into the body. These carbohydrates are also known as the simple sugar and this simple sugar have equal number of carbons and oxygens while twice as many hydrogen atoms. They are considered as the most abundant of four major classes of biomolecules (carbos, proteins, amino acids and lipids). To know if an element is a carbo, you can notice the suffix –ose. There are three groups of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and oligosaccharides.

Monosaccharides are the simple sugars. It is because of the word “mono” which means “one”. but how simple it is called, the complicated it is. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose or grape sugar, galactose or milk sugar, and fructose or fruit sugar.

Next group is the disaccharides. They are two joined monosaccharides. They are formed by losing hydrogen atom from one and a hydroxyl group from the other, or the dehydration reaction.Examples of these are sucrose, maltose and lactose.

Last but not the least is the polysaccharides or the oligosaccharides. they are composed of a polysaccharide and a monosaccharide. **i admit. i really don't get this part. i have no examples but i'm trying my best to find one. :)

mitosis: a process.

mitosis. everybody might not know what this word really means. everybody might have no idea at all of what it do in our bodies.

mitosis is a cycle. this is the cycle for most eukaryotic cells. mitosis begins when the early prophase or the disappearing of nuclear membrane and formation of important structures for mitosis starts. then, the late prophase or the pairing up of the centrioles and creating different organelles are next. after the prophase times, the transition to metaphase happens or the formation of spindle apparatus. next in the line is the metaphase where chromosomes align at the center of the cell. afterward, anaphase comes next in which chromosomes split and the spindle fibers pull them apart. after anaphase, telophase will not be the last as the chromosomes go to the far end of the cell, the spindle disappears and the nuclei and cytoplasmic division reappears.

in this process, you can think of it as pulling something away from each other. first, you ready your energy for the pulling motion later. then you try to align them at the center of you so that the same force will be made. after aligning, you try to pull them against each other. and when they were already apart, you fix them to the way they used to be before you pulled them.

how would i explain this lesson to someone who doesn’t know the topic?

--compare it to what we see and tell them how it works. then, with those, students can understand systematically the topic. at the same time, students will be informed about what things are commonly the same with the way how mitosis was done.

what should i could have the teacher done to improve the discussion of the topic?

--since this topic is a bit tough, it is strongly recommended that teachers must have different illustrations, and interactive activities so that they would graphically see how the process goes.

world of cells. :)

two things we basically know about cells: it can be found in all living things and being the basic unit of life. it is the basic unit of life as it composes tissues, then tissues composes organs, and so on. it can be found in all living things. name all living things. you can see each tiny microscopic thingies that moves in it. cell, that’s it.

what others might not know is that bacteria is different with animal cell. bacteria are the prokaryotic cells or the cells that have no true nucleus. other than bacteria, also an example of this type of cell is the virus. on the other hand, animal cells are the eukaryotic cells or the cells that have true nucleus. not only animal cells are its example, but also plant cells.

there are many parts of the cell. three of them are the most basic parts: cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm. cell membrane acts as the protector or the barrier from foreign bodies to enter in the cell and holds the cell contents together. they may be the city limits or the borders of the city. the nucleus is the control center or the brain of the cell. it acts as the city hall. cytoplasm is the the special environment inside the cell. it depicts the whole place in the city with the atmosphere and everything. other parts or organelles are too many. one of them is the ribosomes which act as the protein synthesizers in the cell. another is the mitochondrion (pl: mitochondria) that is the power house or the MERALCO of the cell. then, Golgi apparatus is the next that is the packaging center in the cell or the cargo forwarders in the cell. in addition, there is the lysosomes which is the janitor of the cell as it cleans up the cell and at the same time, it is the suicidal bags of cell as it destroys unwanted bacteria. they are more commonly known as the LEONEL Waste Management in cell. centrosomes are next on the line as they replace old structures with new ones or they are more commonly called as the DPWH in the cell. what’s next is the vacuoles or the water storage in the cell as it was also known as Nawasa. last but not the least is the endoplasmic reticulum. endo’ reticulum are the channels that transport proteins. but this part are categorized into two: smooth ER and rough ER. rough ER has ribosomes attached to it while smooth ER has none.

if cell has many parts, nucleus has also parts. there includes nuclear membrane and nucleolus. nuclear membrane protects the nucleus, like the cell membrane. it looks like the guards before you enter the city hall. on the other hand, nucleolus handles the synthesis of the RNA or the ribonucleic acid that forms ribosomes. nucleolus acts as the mayor’s office or the legislative section in the city hall because they formulate laws for the orderliness and peace of the city.

how would i explain this lesson to someone who doesn’t know the topic?

--simple. realization. that’s it. what i’ll do is like this way: after introducing the part, it will be related as if it is the one that we see every day of our lives. as an example, nucleus will be like the city hall as its work is to control the whole cell.

what should i could have the teacher done to improve the discussion of the topic?

--if i were the teacher, i will use certain presentations that will characterize the topic in real-life basis meaning instead of creepy thingies were there, it will present different types of buildings but will be labeled as the parts of the cell. in this way, students will understand the way how parts work and they will appreciate the cells as easier lesson, not as horrible ones.

structures and functions **

every subject has its own beginning. and so is advanced biology. since it’s already advance because we have studied it when we are in second year, we cannot go on if we don’t go back to the start again. but now, it’s whole different. another story begins with it.

advanced biology enhances its scope as it focuses on two fields: anatomy and physiology. they say that anatomy and physiology are almost the same. but beside of having letter y at the end, they are different but are related to each other. anatomy is the study of structures. the word anatomy in Greek literally means “to cut apart.” on the other hand, physiology is the study of functions. the word physiology came from two words “physio” that means relationship to nature and “logy” meaning its study.

in anatomy, there are two types of anatomy: microscopic anatomy and macroscopic anatomy. from their words, they could be differentiated from each other. microscopic anatomy is the study of structures of organisms that are small and cannot be seen through the naked eye. macroscopic anatomy or gross anatomy, in contrast, is the study of structures of organisms that are big and can be seen by the naked eye.

in physiology, functions and vital processes of the body were studied. from contracting muscles to the simple blink of an eye, they were studied to answer how they work.

how would i explain this lesson to someone who doesn’t know the topic?

--if i would have the chance to explain this, i would relate them into their purpose. in this way, the lesson will be a ton easier for them. for example, physiology helps us to study how our body works while anatomy helps us to study how our body built-up.

what should i could have the teacher done to improve the discussion of the topic?

--if i were the teacher, i would recommend different activities relating to this lesson. at the same time, interactive lessons such as exercises with mix-and-match trick. but the most important, students must find it easy so that they would not refuse to study this kind of subjects.